viernes, 7 de abril de 2006

Convenios de doble tributación

Ya en otra oportunidad hablé de este tipo de Convenios, aunque en esa oportunidad más bien introduje el tema e indiqué los Convenios actualmente vigentes para evitar la doble tributación, por los que estén interesados pueden leer ese post haciendo clic aquí. Ahora vamos a explicar brevemente sus principales características y la feliz coincidencia que se produce cuando con el gobierno respectivo hay firmado además algún Tratado de Libre Comercio (TLC), lo que complementa y refuerza los beneficios que pueda ofrecer el Convenio sobre doble tributación.
Al respecto, analizaremos el Convenio firmado con México, vigente a contar del 1º de enero de 2000 respecto de los impuestos a la renta que se incluyen en dicho texto. Cabe destacar que Chile mantiene una estructura similar para los Convenios de este tipo, de acuerdo al siguiente detalle: en el Capítulo I, el ámbito de aplicación subjetivo (Art. 1º) y los impuestos sobre los que recae (Art.2º); en el Capítulo II, incluye Definiciones generales (Art. 3º), Definición de residente (Art. 4º) y de establecimiento permanente (Art. 5º), definición esta última muy importante para definir dónde tributarán ciertas rentas; en el Capítulo III, detalla la imposición de ciertas rentas (Arts. 6º a 21), destacando los beneficios empresariales (Art. 7º), las regalías (Art. 12), las ganacias de capital (Art. 13), los servicios profesionales dependientes (Art. 14) e independientes (Art. 15) y las pensiones (Art. 18); en el Capítulo IV trata de la imposición al patrimonio, en el Capítulo V se consagran los métodos para eliminar la doble tributación (Art. 23) y en los dos Capítulos finales se tratan algunas disposiciones especiales sobre la materia.
Para efectos de estos comentarios, nos interesa referirnos al Art. 7º, referente a los beneficios empresariales, el que dispone, en su número 1, que los "beneficios de una empresa de un Estado Contratante solamente pueden someterse a imposición en ese Estado, a no ser que la empresa realice su actividad en el otro Estado Contratante por medio de un establecimiento permanente situado en él".
Este es el punto medular del Convenio, ya que nos presenta la norma que evita la doble tributación, a nivel empresarial, ya que para los efectos legales una empresa mexicana, por ejemplo, que obtenga rentas en Chile por su actividad empresarial, sólo tributa en México (sus rentas son consideradas exentas en Chile y así se declaran a través de la Declaración Jurada Nº 1850), a menos que su actividad la realice por medio de un establecimiento permanente, definido para estos efectos en el Art. 5º del Convenio.
Sin embargo, este último concepto -establecimiento permanente- juega un importante papel en la determinación de la tributación en Chile que afectaría a la empresa mexicana si su presencia en Chile configura o no un establecimiento permanente. Aunque es largo analizarlo aquí, podemos decir, a modo de ejemplo, que la instalación en Chile de una oficina u otro lugar fijo donde se lleven a cabo las actividades generadoras de ese beneficio, así como la permanencia de personal técnico por más de 6 meses (183 días) en las labores propias de la actividad de la empresa mexicana en Chile, constituyen un establecimiento permanente de acuerdo con las disposiones del mencionado Convenio, y por lo tanto los beneficios que pudiera obtener en Chile dicha empresa mexicana pueden gravarse sin limitación en nuestro país, de acuerdo con la Ley de la Renta, caso en el cual operará el mecanismo definido en el Art. 23 del Convenio, que permite acreditar el tributo pagado en Chile contra el impuesto a la renta mexicano, bajo las condiciones señaladas en ese mismo artículo.

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